Principal Quantum Number Definition

Principal Quantum Number Definition The principal quantum number is the  quantum number denoted by n and which indirectly describes the size of the electron orbital.  It is always assigned an integer value (e.g., n 1, 2, 3...), but its value may never be 0.  An orbital for which n 2 is larger, for example, than an orbital for which n 1. Energy must be absorbed in order for an electron to be excited from an orbital near the nucleus (n 1) to get to an orbital further from the nucleus (n 2). The principal quantum number is cited first in the set of four quantum numbers associated with an electron. The principal quantum number  has the greatest effect on the energy of the electron. It was first designed to distinguish between different energy levels in the Bohr model of the atom  but remains applicable to the modern atomic orbital theory. Source Andrew, A. V. (2006). 2. Schrà ¶dinger equation. Atomic spectroscopy. Introduction of theory to Hyperfine Structure. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-387-25573-6.

How Biobutanol Can Be Used as a Motor Fuel

How Biobutanol Can Be Used as a Motor Fuel Biobutanol is four-carbon alcohol derived from the fermentation of biomass. When it is produced from petroleum-based feedstocks, its commonly called butanol. Biobutanol is in the same family as other commonly known alcohols, namely single-carbon methanol, and the more-well-known two-carbon alcohol ethanol. The importance of the number of carbon atoms in any given molecule of alcohol is directly related to the energy content of that particular molecule. The more carbon atoms present, especially in a long carbon-to-carbon bond chains, the denser in energy the alcohol is. Breakthroughs in biobutanol processing methods, namely the discovery and development of genetically modified microorganisms, has set the stage for biobutanol to surpass ethanol as a renewable fuel. Once considered usable only as an industrial solvent and chemical feedstock, biobutanol shows great promise as a motor fuel due to its favorable energy density, and it returns better fuel economy and is considered a superior motor fuel (when compared to ethanol). Biobutanol Production Biobutanol is derived mainly from the fermentation of the sugars in organic feedstocks (biomass). Historically, up until about the mid-50s, biobutanol was fermented from simple sugars in a process that produced acetone and ethanol, in addition to the butanol component. The process is known as ABE (Acetone Butanol Ethanol) and has used unsophisticated (and not particularly hearty) microbes such as Clostridium acetobutylicum. The problem with this type of microbe is that it is poisoned by the very butanol it produces once the alcohol concentration rises above approximately 2 percent. This processing problem caused by the inherent weakness of generic-grade microbes, plus inexpensive and abundant (at the time) petroleum gave way to the simpler and cheaper distillation-from-petroleum method of refining butanol. My, how times change. In recent years, with petroleum prices heading steadily upwards, and worldwide supplies getting tighter and tighter, scientists have revisited the fermentation of sugars for the manufacturing of biobutanol. Great strides have been made by researchers in creating â€Å"designer microbes† that can tolerate higher concentrations of butanol without being killed off. The ability to withstand harsh high concentration alcohol environments, plus the superior metabolism of these genetically enhanced bacteria has fortified them with the endurance necessary to degrade the tough cellulosic fibers of biomass feedstocks such as pulpy woods and switchgrass. The door has been kicked open and the reality of cost competitive, if not cheaper, renewable alcohol motor fuel is upon us. Advantages So, all of this fancy chemistry and intense research notwithstanding, biobutanol has many advantages over here-to-fore easier-to-produce ethanol. Biobutanol has a higher energy content than ethanol, so there is a much lower loss of fuel economy. With an energy content of about 105,000 BTUs/gallon (versus ethanol’s approximate 84,000 BTUs/gallon), biobutanol is much closer to the energy content of gasoline (114,000 BTUs/gallon).Biobutanol can be easily blended with conventional gasoline at higher concentrations than ethanol for use in unmodified engines. Experiments have shown that biobutanol can run in an unmodified conventional engine at 100 percent, but to date, no manufacturers will warrant use of blends higher than 15 percent.Because it is less susceptible to separation in the presence of water (than ethanol), it can be distributed via conventional infrastructure (pipelines, blending facilities and storage tanks). There’s no need for a separate distribution network.It is less corrosive than ethanol. Not only is biobutanol a higher-grade more energy dense fuel, but it is also less explosive than ethanol.EPA te st results show that biobutanol reduces emissions, namely hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Exact values depend upon the engine state of tune. But that’s not all. Biobutanol as a motor fuel- with its long chain structure and preponderance of hydrogen atoms- could be used as a stepping-stone in bringing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to the mainstream. One of the biggest challenges facing hydrogen fuel cell vehicle development is the storage of onboard hydrogen for sustainable range and the lack of hydrogen infrastructure for fueling. The high hydrogen content of butanol would make it an ideal fuel for onboard reforming. Instead of burning the butanol, a reformer would extract the hydrogen to power the fuel cell. Disadvantages It is not common for one fuel type to have so many obvious advantages without at least one glowing disadvantage; however, with biobutanol versus ethanol argument, that doesn’t appear to be the case. Currently, the only real disadvantage is there are many more ethanol refining facilities than biobutanol refineries. And while ethanol refining facilities far outnumber those for biobutanol, the possibility of retrofitting ethanol plants to biobutanol is feasible. And as refinements continue with genetically modified microorganisms, the feasibility of converting plants becomes greater and greater. It’s clear that biobutanol is the superior choice over ethanol as a gasoline additive and perhaps eventual gasoline replacement. For the past 30 years or so ethanol has had most of the technological and political support and has seeded the market for renewable alcohol motor fuel. Biobutanol is now poised to pick up the mantle.

Topic Selection 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Topic Selection 3 - Essay Example s to recover from bankruptcy, legislation and business debt restructuring require that the underlying problems be assessed in order to ensure that the risk of another bankruptcy period does not occur. Debt advice is also required together with financial teaching about how to use money in accordance to how it is received. Help is needed in order to find other sources of income that will ensure smooth running of a business without the necessary need to borrow money. Debt settlement plans should be drafted so as to reduce the debt accrued over a certain period. Partial payment should be made in order to start build up of a company again (Wood, 2007).   Psychology in business is what leads the business back to recovery, both in the market sector and the global sector. Using psychology, the cash flow burden to the company if minimal as it is done in a correct manner. When sales decrease, then the market value of a company decreases and recovery from such may take time. It dictates that a company should be more careful with the services and products that it is offering to the public otherwise there will be a shortage of customers. With the correct input of sales, the cash flow into the company will turn out to be more that the cash flowing out. This will enable the company to make profits and boost the economy (Wood,

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 29

Case Study - Essay Example This is also vital in increasing the customer numbers of the business which has increased the profitability. (Anonymous, 2010) Andy Garafallos success in the restaurant business does not come in solidarity but with the help of her three managers; Kelly, Daniella and Patrick. The manager’s attributes have been instrumental in the growth of the business. Kelly who is the kitchen manager exhibits good leadership skills. This can be observed in her ordering ability. This implies that she has taken control in the kitchen for work to flow effectively. She is also efficient in her work. This is important for a manager for it avoids wastes during the production process and this ensures that the profits are maximized. Kelly also is honest which a key characteristic of a good manager is. This enables that finances are held accountable without embezzlement and that she remains loyal to the job. Kelly has such difficulty getting along with the salespeople, delivery people, and wait staff. She need to improve her collaboration skills to enable her go along well with the salespeople. Danniella has strong communication skills. This ability enables him to convince and also understand the customers’ needs. This is vital for the growth and sustainability of the business. This consideration of putting the customers first is key to make them loyal to the business. She is also collaborative and this enable her to be very hospitable and welcoming to the customers which ensures that the customers comes again.However,Danniella needs to improve in her critical thinking and not become lousy in numbers. Her relationship with customers should go a long way to increase them. Patrick is ethical and has communication skills to make the customers to come. This is important in the business since customers tend to understand the products that are offered by the business.

In recent years Essay Example for Free

In recent years Essay In recent years, the selective and mobility promoting function of education has become more important than its socialising function` Do you agree? Explain I agree with the opinion that in recent years, the selective and mobility promoting function of education has become more important than its socialising function. While both these functions retain their importance, the selective and mobility one has received greater prominence. In the US, education has always been a gateway to professional life and a vehicle for social mobility. In a sense, this is a great advantage of the US society compared to those with traditionally rigid social structures since promotion to upper classes through education opens the way for those from low-income families to move up in their socioeconomic status relatively quickly. With years, however, educational institutions became a tool for sorting school graduates into those who qualify for professional careers and those who do not. Reliance on standardised tests has turned the US system of education into an institution that selects those fitting into the standards and gives them chances for social mobility. At the same time, the socializing function has become less important. Modern adolescents still seek to make new friends, to have cheerful college years. Their professors remind them that socializing is also important for social mobility, prompting them to build a network of acquaintances that will later contribute to their career. Thus, even socializing has been turned into a vehicle for social mobility. Students increasingly view their educational experience as a step toward career progress rather than a chance to gain friends or broaden their world outlook. This is visible, for instance, in graduate students’ aspirations to get into top MBA programs that many see as a gateway to high-salaried executive world. The main advantage of the top programs as compared to the rest, in the eyes of a large part of student body, is that they have sifted through applicants at the beginning, chosen the best ones and sent them off to high posts in business organisations. Socializing takes a second place in these considerations because students are mostly interested in career ambitions and see education as a way to realize them.

Why is this night different from all other nights? :: Personal Narrative Writing

Why is this night different from all other nights? My sister Sarah is lighting the candles, and her hands tremble when she turns to cover her face ina gesture of piety. I am thirteen years old, and we are gathered at my house for the Passover seder ("order" in Hebrew) and my whole family is here: mother, sister, grandmother, aunt, and two cousins. Did I say my whole family is here? That is not entirely correct: my father is absent. My parents split five years ago, and he doesn't celebrate holidays with us anymore. We don't really talk about this, though, and instead my mother's boyfriend, a Gentile from Colorado, takes my father's place at the head of the table, and leads the seder, reading the phonetic Hebrew I secretly scribbled in the margins of that Haggadah ("telling" in Hebrew) several years ago, when Sarah could read Hebrew and I couldn't yet. I can now. While Sarah's hands are trembling over her closed eyes, Nettie's hands tremble as well, as she carries out the heavy silver tray containing the seder plate, wine, matzot, and bowls of salt water. This tray belonged to my grandmother, and, as I'm told each time we use it, it's an antique, worth a lot of money. Earlier this afternoon, I saw Nettie polishing it in the kitchen, along with the matching silver serving pieces, silver salt and pepper shakers, silver pitchers, and of course, the ornate silver wineglass we put out for Elijah. This is an impressive collection of silver, all monogrammed with my grandmother's initials, and when Nettie was polishing the pieces this afternoon, she spread them out neatly on our kitchen counters.They took up the whole room. Nettie is our maid. She's been with us since I was three and Sarah seven. She comes to our house three days each week, all day, and sometimes she watches us when my mother goes out at night and on the weekends. She is a black woman, somewhere around sixty years old, and while she has been with us for years, I cannot seem to remember her aging visibly. Her skin isdark and smooth, and smells faintly of the rosewater and glycerin lotion she applies daily. Her hair, I'm told, is very long, although I've never seen it in any style other than wrapped in a tight bun on the top of her head.

Ecology and Wildlife Risk Evaluation Analysis Essay

This analysis of case studies from Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the case study to predict the effects of pesticides on aquatic systems and the waterfowl that uses them. Comparing the two processes of these case studies, along with analysis of the assessments. Describing the case study on the effects of pesticides in aquatic ecosystem, the risk assessment correlated to observed field studies and evaluate the importance of this type of correlation in general for all risk assessment efforts. Breaking down the ecological and social values in the assessments. Try to establish a value for the components in each case and how the risk assessment was determined. The process of defining ecological value in Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) from section 19. 5 took an approach to take a structured process to break down the value of the different species that are located at LANL. This was done to ensure that all relevant valued resources was used to come up with the endpoints, and provide the proper documentation to form a structured that was based on the resources. This process known as the general assessment endpoints (GAE) helped eliminate data that was not needed and helped provide the means of having data that was needed to follow through with the assessment, along with the values for each potential ecosystem that is based on potential exposure to the environmental stressors. The comparison of the two assessments take a different approach as the endpoints are staggering in the LANL case as the amount of species possess many possibilities to establish the relevant value of the endpoints that are needed to complete the assessment. By utilizing just the values that the stakeholders suggested in case study Los Alamos National Laboratory, the assessors focused on the immediate values on certain species the all as a hole eliminated the possibility of the lesser values in the case study. The aquatic workgroups began their efforts by discussing the basic problem addressed in a pesticide risk assessment and then began defining the sources of uncertainty for assessing effects and exposure. This technique of probabilistic assessment has helped in the reanalysis of the case study of pesticides on aquatic systems. Allowing assessors to look closer at the issues at hand relating to the organisms. The case from chapter 22 is based on a case study on how pesticides affect the impact on ecology. This assessment took a term of probabilistic assessment, and broke down the probability of evaluating the potential of direct effects on the duck population. The time frame that the pesticides are used to reduce grasshopper population is around the same time that the ducks are breeding, rear young and lay eggs. This is the concern for the use of pesticides in these pothole regions across America and Canada. This case study provides a reanalysis of the wildlife in the pothole regions. The use of probabilistic methods is entered into the process to characterize variability’s and the uncertainties of the effects on aquatic macro invertebrates from the pesticides that are released to control agricultural pest control. The assessment shows in the data that the results of the analysis are a way to relate the uncertainties of mortality in the ecosystem. Along with the damage that is done with the food source for the ducks. The pesticides case study applied a different risk assessment framework and hypothesizes to improve the final analysis process to cover all the grounds and bring attention the uncertainties of the damage that is being inflicted onto the water fowl and ducklings that are in the region during the time of treatments. The exposure levels are at a high during the treatment process. Thus setting up a risk assessment frame work allows the assessor to take the uncertainties to another level to determine the effects on the contamination faze of the treatment time frame. A conceptual framework was developed that incorporated characteristics of chemicals, agricultural landscapes, and aquatic ecosystems that interact to influence exposure. From this framework, the workgroups designed a tiered system for the risk assessment process in which the assessment progresses from a deterministic assessment to probabilistic assessments of increasing complexity. Each tier includes several experimental and analytical options that reduce uncertainty and provide more complete descriptions of the aquatic environment (Environmental Proection Agency, 2012). The risk assessment was to use the field data to include the uncertainties that eliminates any more future concerns with affecting the species during this process, along with the reduction of the mortality rate among the ducklings. The breakdown of the uncertainties was used for predicting the magnitude and probabilities of adverse effects to non target aquatic and terrestrial species resulting from the introduction of pesticides into their environment the probabilistic analysis used in the assessment provides quantification towards the uncertainties in the risk estimate. The risk assessment of the complex exposure to the pesticides provides methods to estimate the probability and impacts resulting from exposure, in this approach. In al it sheds light on the case study that certain elements and processes need to be changed in all phases of general risk assessment. The ecological and social values of concern in the first case study Los Alamos National Laboratory is the different array of possibilities that are presented in the amount of species that are involved, establishing a structured assessment to eliminate the less valued resources. The process is used to establish the most valued resources to help in setting management goals and endpoints to complete the assessment. The ecological and social values of concern in the case study on pesticide contamination are that there are so many aspects on how to eliminate the less informative data to complete the case study. The social value is to combine the stakeholders concerns and incorporate assessment managers and assessors input to implement valued endpoints to reach a conclusion and game plan to eliminate the risk that are on hand. The social values of these cases, points to preserving the regions that are treated, eliminating the harm to all organisms in the ecosystem that is contaminated by the pesticides. The social values are that these regions house many species and food sources, this assessment breaks down the damage that is being done and the damages that are effecting the ducks in the region. The ponds are watersheds that protect the habitats of many organism, thus having a healthy environment is needed to produce a healthy ecosystem. The ecological view is to preserve the regions from harm, allowing the pesticides to be used in a manner that the organisms are not affected by them. The value of the ecological components in the Los Alamos National Laboratory case study would be the principle values the functional integrity, biodiversity, and the energy dynamics and nutrient contents. By doing so the strongest of the species are chosen to be valued endpoints, so positive results come from the assessment. The trade off would be instilling sensitive species that could be extinct with the decision to use as a value endpoint when they are too sensitive to give a positive result. The value of the ecological components in the effects of pesticides on aquatic systems is that the uncertainties of the valued resources are eliminated and evaluated to have the best valued endpoint to work with in the case study. The tradeoffs relating to the wildlife and development is that the species if not grasshoppers that are at risk then it is the ducks that are present during treatment process. The contamination will alter either one of these species value in the ecosystem. The risk assessment in these cases is determined by compiling the concerns of all parties involved and eliminating the less valued uncertainties, to have valued data to come up with goals to meet all of the concerns. Risk assessment is a process where scientific information is used to address potential environmental risks associated with pesticide use. Good regulatory decisions depend on documented scientific research, an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the specific risk assessment, and sound professional judgment in drawing conclusions from compiled data. Risk assessments should clearly identify pertinent facts and any assumptions deemed necessary to accurately evaluate the pesticide (Environmental Proection Agency, 2012). The probabilistic analysis process can be improved in the chapter 22 case study by more research of the effects on the organisms involved, along with going in another direction on controlling the grasshopper’s presence in these pothole regions. Doing a process of elimination of what harms of being caused by the toxin. The analysis can be altered to focus on the main risk factors and once those issues are addressed then one can run another assessment and conclusion as you eliminate even more sensitive data from the finale analyst. The conclusion to the analysis of the case study helps break the process of implementing different type of risk assessments for different issues on hand. The need to eliminate the more sensitive values and collection of data is the key to performing an assessment to help the environment. Finding the valued endpoints and compelling enough data to eliminate the more sensitive resources, to come up with a positive and accurate decision in the long run.

Coca Cola Company Industry and Competitive Analysis

Jan Bernadette Balingit’s Autobiography Hi! My name is Jan Bernadette Tolentino Balingit,I was born on December 08 1999. My favorite color is violet and my favorite cartoon character is Hello Kitty. I am the only one girl between my two brothers. And I live in Sisiman, Mariveles, Bataan. And I’m taking schooling at Bepz Multinational School. And I want to play all day but not always because I want to first my study. I’m 13 yrs. old now. When I grow up I want to be an Optometrist like my mother, because I want to be like her.To be an Optometrist, I will finish first my study because when I will not finish my study I will not be an Optometrist. I’m nearer and nearer to that stage because I’m Grade 6 now. And I will introduce to you my FAMILY members: Maria Victoria T. Balingit-Mother, Benny Balingit – Father, John Benedict T. Balingit – Older brother, John Vincent T. Balingit – Younger brother. My very memorable experience is when we go to Enchanted Kingdom with my family especially me.And after we eat there we make â€Å"Gala† then we decided to take a ride in the rides named â€Å"Space Shuttle† we fall in line there in about 25 minutes. Then when it’s our turn we sits at the middle seats. And when the rides start moving we all get nervous and when we go down from the rides we all get dizzy. And my dad searching for a nurse to get our blood pressure we need to take a rest first. And when the nurse is there to get our blood pressure my mother’s blood pressure is the highest blood pressure at all. Project In English Submitted To: Fatima Acuna Submitted By: Jan Bernadette T. Balingit

This Space Intentionally Left Blank

This Space Intentionally Left Blank This past Thursday, a woman near and dear to my heart, my Aunt Mickey, left this world unexpectedly. As her son, my cousin Michael, wrote the night she died, â€Å"There is a massive hole in the universe tonight – and its name is Maxine Lois Simon Unger.† In thinking how to honor the memory of a woman who, despite how much she loved me, refused to subscribe to my blog, I thought what could be more befitting than a [mostly] blank entry. Aunt Mickey, I won’t be forwarding my blog to you this week. But perhaps, from wherever you are, you’ll know this one is for you. All my love, Brandy Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinMarch 28, 2016

Meaning and Origin of the Last Name Cohen

Meaning and Origin of the Last Name Cohen The Cohen surname, common among Eastern European Jews, often indicates a family claiming descent from Aaron, brother of Moses and the first high priest, from the Hebrew kohen or kohein, meaning priest. The German surname KAPLAN is related, deriving from chaplain in German. Surname Origin:Â  Hebrew Alternate Surname Spellings:Â  KOHEN, COHN, KAHN, KOHN, CAHN, COHAN Fun Facts About the COHEN Surname Some Jews, when faced with being drafted into the Russian Army, changed their surname to Cohen because members of the clergy were exempt from service. Famous People with the COHEN Surname Ben Cohen - co-founder of Ben Jerrys Ice CreamSamuel Cohen - known for inventing the W70 warhead, or neutron bombLeonard Cohen - Canadian poet, novelist and contemporary folk singer/songwriterSasha Cohen - Olympic figure skaterSteve Cohen - critically acclaimed magician Genealogy Resources for the Surname COHEN Get started researching your Jewish roots with this guide to basic genealogy research, unique Jewish resources and records, and suggestions for the best Jewish genealogy resources and databases to search first for your Jewish ancestors. The Cohanim/DNALearn how DNA can help identify whether you are a member of the Cohanim (plural of Cohen), direct descendants of Aaron, brother of Moses. COHEN Family Genealogy ForumFree message board is focused on descendants of Cohen ancestors around the world. DistantCousin.com - COHEN Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Cohen. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name MeaningsCant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. Sources Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Unification of Germany and Italy in the 19th century Assignment

Unification of Germany and Italy in the 19th century - Assignment Example During the year 1848 Europe was taken over by the democratic revolution and the German representatives in the unification were King Wilhem I (King of Prussian), who wanted to increase the strength of the army and elect a new Prime Minister. The second leader was Otto von Bismarck who was the Prime Minister, who had no room of idealism in his regime and was the leader of realism. During the year 1866 and 1877 there was a seven week war which provoked the Austria to call a war on Prussia, in which Prussia were successful and they took control over the northern Germany, which was followed by the Franco-Prussian War in which the Prussian army took over the northern France and took 80,000 French Prisoners. This war the final stages into the unification of the Germany and the southern region on accepted the Prussian as the leaders. There were many reasons that lead to World War I, few of the reasons were long pending and few of other arose near the war that made the decision more affirmati ve. Few of the long reason that forced the war was the Rise of Militarism, this was in result of the increase of use of power by the European in the late 18th Century. The Europe started to believe that the military powers were one of the most feasible and desirable reasons to resolve the increasing hostile and fragile political conditions in the world. Another long term reason that caused the World War I was The Arms Race, the excess use of military caused imbalance in the powers; this led to the innovation of technology with respect.

Summary Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary - Movie Review Example The main problem that gave rise to such a thing was the use of a deputy (by the sheriff investigating the case) to translate what a witness to the crime said. The translator was used because Cortez could not speak in Spanish. The worst part was that the translator himself could not speak Spanish accurately-his inability to distinguish in Spanish between a caballo (horse) and a yegua (mare) leads to the sheriff believing Cortez to be the horse-thief. When the sheriff goes after him with a gun, Cortez rightfully fights back for his life-in the current century, this act of his would be called self-defense. His brother gets shot and killed in this process in the mayhem. Cortez accidentally shoots at the sheriff, killing him. Soon after this occurs, Cortez takes off on horseback and heads for the Mexican border. He is pursued by sheriffs, the renowned Texas Rangers and possess across Texas, all of whom were unable to catch the ‘fugitive’. The longer it takes for them to capture him, the more he is depicted as a hero by the press. Even though he steered cleared of the several traps that his capturers set for him, he eventually turned himself in when he found out that his family had been arrested by the authorities and kept as prisoners. The manhunt lasted for about eleven days. This whole incident results in the devastation of a family and the killing of an innocent man. The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez is an amazing representation by director Robert M. Young of the injustice that Mexican-American workers and citizens in the Southwest suffered at the hands of the Texas Rangers. The director has effectively used the techniques of flashbacks to show the different accounts of what happened. Moreover, it is a bit intriguing to find out the real character of Gregorio Cortez. This is because his role in the story keeps changing from time to time- it all depends on who is telling the story. There is, however, one